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Street-level bureaucracy
Street-level bureaucracy is the subset of a public agency or government institution containing the individuals who carry out and enforce the actions required by laws and public policies. Street-level bureaucracy is accompanied by the idea that these individuals vary the extents to which they enforce the rules and laws assigned to them.
== History ==
The concept of street-level bureaucracy was first coined by Michael Lipsky in 1977, who argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people who actually implement it".() However, the process of street-level bureaucracy has been around for a much longer period of time. As stated in Scott A. Cook and William Earle Klay's article on Precedents of George Washington "A government will be better accepted if its administrators reflect the origins of its people" (〔Cooke, Scott A.; Klay, William Earle. "George Washington’s Precedents: The Institutional Legacy of the American Republic’s Founding Public Administrator". Administration & Society 2015: 75-91. Online.〕) which embodies what Street-level bureaucracy in America. Some of the first street level bureaucrats in the nation were post office officials. The presidency of Woodrow Wilson helped to spur a large growth in Public Administration and government policy which in turn transmitted to larger sized street-level bureaucracies. However it was not until the 1950s with the baby boom that "Street level bureaucracy" as Michael Lipsky stated became as strong as a presence in society as it today.()
Lipsky describes street level bureaucrats as the face of policy, since these individuals interact directly with citizens.(〔Lipsky, Michael. Street-level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1980. Print.〕)The history of Street-level bureaucracy follows the history of policy development and the scope of government in America, with areas with larger populations and more government policies employing more individuals such as Chicago which employs "26,680 teachers".(〔)
Due to in-depth interactions, day to day discretion, and policy interpretation Lipsky claims that "in a sense the street-level bureaucrats implicitly mediate aspects of the constitutional relationship of citizens to the state. In short, they hold the keys to a dimension of citizenship."(〔Lipksy, Michael. Street-level Bureaucracy. N.p.: n.p., 1980. Print.〕) The interpretation of the duties, scope, and responsibilities of street-level bureaucrats are still debated today, with ongoing discussion on discretion, corruption, accountability, lack of resources, and technology.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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